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You’ve probably heard about the problems facing
honey bees across North America, as hives disappear in the face of “colony collapse
disorder.” You also undoubtedly know that this loss of
pollinators could have severe impacts on food production.
But you may not know
this: honey bees get the press, but they’re not the only pollinator in trouble. In fact, native bumble bees have been facing even more
alarming declines across the continent.
This loss of bumble
bees could have severe consequences for native ecosystems and for agriculture.
Bumble bees are
perhaps the most charismatic of all bee species: they’re fuzzy, colorful and
non-aggressive. And they’re one of the very few insects to inspire a
symphony.
They’re also vital
pollinators – more
important to ecosystems than the non-native honey bee. Fifty
species of North American bumble bees pollinate native plants, which in turn
produce flowers and seeds that feed everything from songbirds to grizzly bears.
The Xerces Society,
an organization devoted to invertebrate conservation, reports that bumble bees
are also the most important pollinators for blueberries, cranberries, clover,
greenhouse tomatoes and other crops.
But they’re in
decline. According to the Xerces Society:
“At least four species of formerly common
North American bumble bees have experienced catastrophic declines over the past
decade – two of them may be on the brink of extinction. Preliminary
investigations by many scientists indicate that a number of other formerly
common species are also less abundant than they were in the past.”
What’s going on here?
Is there anything conservationists can do about it?
Where Have
All the Pollinators Gone?
An incident in an Oregon parking lot last
summer dramatically illustrated the plight faced by native pollinators.
At a mall parking lot
in Wilsonville, people began
finding dead bumble bees – unbelievable numbers of dead bumble
bees. It turned out to be the largest bumble bee die-off ever recorded, with
more than 50,000 dead bees littering the area.
A wildlife mystery?
Not quite.
It turns out that
someone had sprayed 55 flowering trees with a pesticide known as a neonicotinoid,
legal for use but deadly for insects, including beneficial
ones like pollinators.
How many other times do such die-offs occur, out of sight of people? As the Xerces Society’s
executive director Scott Black said in a Grist interview, “If these events had not
happened over areas of concrete, I am not sure anyone would have ever noticed.
The insects would just fall into the grass to be eaten by birds as well as ants
and other insects.”
Oregon has since restricted the use of some neonicotinoid pesticides to
protect native pollinators. Currently, on the federal level, Representatives
John Conyers (D-MI) and Earl Blumenauer (D-OR) have drafted a bill that will
suspend use of the worst neonicotinoid pesticides and direct EPA to perform a
deeper evaluation of their impacts on pollinators — Saving America’s Pollinators Act (HR
2692).
In addition to
pesticides, bumble bees face a
long list of other threats – habitat loss, climate change,
competition from non-native bees, introduced diseases.
According to the
Xerces Society, habitat loss in particular is having
a profound effect on bumble bees (and other native pollinators).
Bumble bees need a mix
of native plants to feed on as well as grassy areas to burrow. They once found
this habitat in plenty on the edges of farms and yards, and even in roadside ditches. But there has been a
tendency to “clean up” – to remove the wilder edges around human development.
That’s bad for bees
and other pollinators
A neatly trimmed grass
lawn may be green but it’s not green –
especially if it is sprayed with pesticides and all native plants are removed.
We often think of
habitat loss as an irreversible problem, or one that can be solved only by
intensive restoration activities. If a subdivision goes in and takes out part
of a wolverine’s range, it is not like you can plant a few trees and bring back
wolverines.
But with bumble bees, you can reverse habitat
loss. Yards, ditches and abandoned lots can make a big difference.
Your personal actions can native pollinators – protecting not only cool
critters but also vital ecosystem services.
How You Can Be Bee Friendly
Bumble bees live
across North America, Europe and Asia in a wide variety of habitats and
climates. Adding some flowering
plants to your yard will add some variety to the neighborhood, and
also benefit bumble bees.
The Xerces Society
gets you started with a complete guide to home
gardening for bumble bees. Ideally, you can add a mix of
flowering plants that bloom in the spring, summer and fall – providing a more
year-round food source.
There’s a great
satisfaction in creating your own
wildlife haven, and it is probably easier than you think.
My wife Jennifer, who
runs the agriculture program for the Northwest Center for Alternatives to Pesticides,
tore out our front yard nine years ago and replaced it with drought-tolerant
and native high desert plants (appropriate for our arid environment in Boise,
Idaho).
Admittedly, the neighbors expressed some consternation when
we tore out a “perfectly good lawn.”
We don’t hear those
complaints any more, as the yard is alive with beautiful wildflowers, waving
tall grasses and cover-providing bushes.
We have fence lizards
and valley quail and goldfinches and dragonflies. And we have pollinators. Lots of pollinators. Including
bumble bees.
Bumble bees are
generalists – they don’t key in on a specific flower. They move from species to
species, buzzing around our lawn. We can mark spring by when the first bumble
bees show up.
But this year, we
won’t just be watching them. We’ll be photo-documenting the bees and
sending info to researchers. This initiative, Bumble Bee
Watch, is one more
way you can assist with pollinator conservation.
With 50 species of
bumble bees, it can be hard to track population trends. Bumble Bee Watch asks
citizen scientists to photograph any bumble bees they see
and report them. You can download a handy bumble bee identification guide, and
Bumble Bee Watch can help you identify species.
The news about
pollinators can often seem grim. But wherever you live, this is definitely a
conservation issue where your actions can have a direct influence.
Plant some flowers,
watch for bumble bees and lay off the pesticides – you’ll be well on your way
to creating your own pollinator
preserve!
(By Matt
Miller who is a
senior science writer for the Nature Conservancy. Photos by Chris Helzer and Dale Rehder with the Nature Conservancy. )
